Page 12 - AA 2023 Year Book Website

FISHERIES
Editorial
BROODSTOCK DIETS – AN OVERVIEW

THE POTENTIAL OF
The use of fresh and frozen seafood as
commonly used. In many hatcheries,
a partial or complete diet for broodstock
these moist diets are produced in-house.
is still the standard with many marine
YELLOWTAIL KINGFISH
species, including established species
such as gilthead sea bream and Euro-
CULTURE IN THE GULF
pean sea bass, shrimps. While there are
commercial broodstock diets that can
be used solely, marine organisms such
Sagiv Kolkovski, Nutrakol Pty Ltd, Australia
as sardines, mackerels, squid, mussels
and polychaetes are considered to be
essential for marine fish and shrimp
from which only 3,819 MT is S. lalandi
Dr Sagiv Kolkovski broodstock.
(data from Japan’s Ministry of Fisheries
In shrimp aquaculture, significant ef-
Nutrakol Australia Agency, 2019). Currently, all the Seriola
forts are made to grow polychaetes,
info@nutrakol.com sp. in Japan are grown in sea cages, al-
though interest and demand for RAS is While the nutritional requirements of
which together with squid and Artemia
Broodstock are considered to be the increasing. fish and shrimp broodstock may not be
are considered as essential for brood-
Yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi is an
core of any fish and shrimp hatchery and
endemic species to the Indian Ocean stock. Large hatcheries and breeding fully described(especially for ‘new’ cul-
Other producers include Australia
their physiological and nutritional con-
and the Red Sea and it is a well-known centers usually have their own poly- tured species such as groupers Epineph-
(~3,000 MT), Europe (~1,000 MT) and
ditions are the keys to their success.
species in local markets (Saudi Arabia, chaete tanks. Although this practice has alus sp., Seriola sp., Cobia, and many oth-
Mexico (<500 MT). While in Japan, the
Oman, UAE and other Gulf countries). a potential risk for introducing pathogen ers), they are partially or fully fulfilled
majority of juveniles are wild caught (the
It is well established that high fecun-
YEllowtail Kingfish Juvenile
majority are S. quinqueradiata, hence the
dity results in high quality larvae and vectors which may affect broodstock with the supplementation of fresh feeds
Due to media attention in recent years
lower production figures of S. lalandi),
therefore, optimal growth and survival
regarding expansion plans of estab- quality, the global shrimp industry is and nutritional boosters.
price and acceptability, the Return On
still reliant on live polychaetes and other
are dependent on the broodstock nutri-
lished projects and newly established juveniles in all other countries are hatch- Investment (ROI) for this species is much
Current commercial broodstock diets
fresh and frozen feeds.
tion and their health.
projects to grow the species in recircu- ery reared. and supplements focus on the nutrition-
faster than any other aquaculture tem-
lating systems (RAS), Seriola lalandi has In general, there are no ‘standard’ al requirements of the fish and shrimps.
perate species currently grown.
There are several R&D projects and/or
The effect of nutrients on gonadal de-
now become familiar in Europe and USA. feeding protocols for marine fish brood- However, additives or supplements that
new projects at different stages of devel-
velopment, maturation and fecundity of
Unlike its close relative Greater Am-
opment in New Zealand, Australia, UAE,
different aquatic species has been the stock and the nutrition and feeding pro- support the hormonal cycle, and thus
However, whilst Yellowtail kingfish is
berjack Seriola dumerili (also, found in
Europe, USA, Argentina and Chile.
subject of research efforts for decades.
known and highly regarded in the Gulf tocols can vary significantly between will lead to better gonadal development
the Indian Ocean and Red sea), Yellowtail
and higher fecundity, are scarce. This is
hatcheries and species. A mix of seafood
This research includes protein levels
and the Middle East, it is not yet cultured such as sardines, mackerels and squid, kingfish is a much easier species to cul-
In Europe, Yellowtail kingfish can only
especially true for out-of-season brood-
and amino acids, levels and fractions of
in large quantities. Production is limited be cultured in RAS systems as it is not ture. When comparing the two species S.
stock groups of well-established and
in addition to commercial boosters and
phospholipids, essential fatty acids (es-
to small batchs in Dubai (from imported endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. With lalandi and S. dumerili, it is clear that S.
broodstock diets containing vitamins,
new species in aquaculture.
pecially DHA, EPA, ARA) and vitamins
juveniles) and some projects initiated in the development and improvement of lalandi is much easier to breed and cul-
minerals, fatty acids and other nutrients
such as ascorbic acid (C) and α-tocoph-
Moreover, other factors affecting the
Saudi Arabia. RAS technology, there is significant inter- ture with no requirement for broodstock
erol (E), in addition to many others. Spe- are usually the norm. broodstock fecundity and maturation
hormonal induction (a very hard and
est in Europe, as well as other countries
The largest global producer of Seriola
cific nutrients such as carotenoids, yeast such as stress and immune and diges-
stressful operation for the fish due to its
sp. is Japan, with an estimated annual to develop intensive Yellowtail kingfish tive systems are not usually directly ad-
extracts and microalgae (Spirolina, Chlo-
production of ~135,000 MT (S. quinquera- projects. size and its sensitivity to sedatives), less
rella, Dunaliella salina) have been found
dressed.
diata 104,055 MT, S. dumerili 28,494 MT) Yellowtail kingfish larvae aggression and cannibalism and
to have a significant effect on fecundity
ease of culture.
and are currently included as a standard advantages While phytomedicine and herbal ther-
Currently, the main hurdle to the de-
in broodstock diets. apy for women with reproductive hor-
velopment of Yellowtail kingfish aqua-
Yellowtail kingfish S. lalandi is a tem- monal problems has been recognized
Although there is a significant quanti- perate water (16-26°C culture tempera- for centuries, there is very little adapta-
culture in the Gulf region and Mediter-
ty of scientific literature on broodstock ture), fast swimmer species of high value. tion of it in aquaculture.
ranean is the lack of fingerling source.
nutrition of marine fish and crustaceans, The fish has firm white-pinkish flesh and There is no commercial Yellowtail king-
Medicinal plants are known to have
there are still many factors which are high omega-3 content (2.54gr per 100gr fish hatchery in the region that can sup-
unknown. Due to the large number of serving, 25%-35% higher than salmon hormonal boosting effects. Some herbs
species grown in aquaculture (which, in and tuna). Yellowtail kingfish has no de- are utilised in herbal medicine as natu-
many cases are varied in habitat, behav- tectable mercury, making it a healthy op- ral boosters for the hormonal cycle and
ior, feeding habits, activity etc.) there is tion and safe for pregnant women, nurs- the development of gametes in both men
no one (or even several) optimal formu- ing mothers and young children. When and women. There are specific herbal
lae that can suit all species. For example, stored at 2°C to 3°C, its shelf life is 6-7 extracts mixtures used as hormonal re-
nutritional requirements for flat fish such days. placement therapy (‘HRT’) for meno-
as Solea solea are significantly differ- pausal women.
ent than pelagic species such as Seriola It is one of the fastest growing fish The effect of herbal extracts on the
lalandi. As Cobia Rachycentron canadum species and can reach 2.5 kg within a development and performance of fish
is a tropical species, it has significant- year, 2-3 times faster than other popular and shrimp broodstock have not been
ly different requirements than Halibut Mediterranean fish such as Gilthead sea intensively investigated. However, scien-
Hippoglossus sp., which is a cold water bream and European sea bass (Table 1). tific evidence suggests that aside from
In addition, moist diets based on a mix
species. While in recent years, more Due to its fast growth and high market known properties of plant extracts such
Yellowtail Kingfish RAS
Yellowtail Display
species-specific maturation diets have of fishmeal and other marine organism as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal,
(courtesy of Sashimi Royal)
become available, the nutrition of brood- meals such as krill and squid, oils and these compounds can significantly im-
10 Arab Agriculture 2023
stock is still far from optimal. nutritional additives, as well as, fresh in- prove broodstock condition and there-
gredients (squid, fish) and binders are
fore, the quality of their eggs and larvae.
20 Vol. 36 No. 8
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