Page 23 - Vol.36-No.8 issue

FISHERIES

Significant increases in fecundity, go- compounds have the ability to inhibit
nadal weight and reduced inter-moult the generation of oxygen ions and scav-
period were observed in black tiger enge free radicals, therefore, reducing
shrimp, P. monodon when fed maturation stress effects. Herbal anti-oxidant ef-
diet containing extracts of Witania som- fect was demonstrated when Picrorhiza
nifera, Mucuna pruita, Ferula asafoetida kurroa extract was used successfully as
and Piper longum. Similar results were an anti-stress compound for black ti-
found when a similar herbal extract mix ger shrimp (Citarasu et al. 1998). Other
was fed to the spawner through bio en- plant material such as, Astragalus mem-
capsulated Artemia (Citarasu 2010). branaceus, Portulaca oleracea, Flaves-
cent ophora and Andographis paniculata
In yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi among hundreds of other species are
broodstock, out-of-season groups (S. known to support the immune system di-
lalandi is temperate species with 3-4 rectly or indirectly. Currently, several hatcheries for fish
months spawning season) supplied with and shrimps around the world use com-
specific formulated herbal extracts mix mercially available herbal extract for-
according to their gonadal develop- mulations, specifically designed to boost
ment, resulted in similar fecundity and and modulate the hormonal system. The
egg volume and quality as the normal natural formulas are being used with
spawning season group (Kolkovski and out-of-season broodstock and/or spe-
La Camera 2015, Kolkovski, 2016). cies with fertilisation and gonadal devel-
opment problems such as groupers (low
Many plant-derived compounds have sperm motility and volume) and many
been found to have non-specific im- other species.
mune-stimulating effects in animals,
of which more than a dozen have been In shrimp hatcheries, herbal additives
evaluated in fish and shrimp (Citara- are successfully used to managed both
su 2010, Kolkovski 2010, 2020). Herbal p. monodon and P. vannamei broodstock
and reduced and delay spent spawners.

Table 1. Examples of herbal extracts used as immune stimulants and growth
promoters in aquaculture

Botanical name Family Distribution Useful parts Biological effect in aquaculture

Hygrophila spinosa Acanthaceae India, Sri Lanka Whole plant Growth Promoter
Growth Promoter,
Ipomea digitata Convolvulaceae India Root
Immunostimulant
Solanum nigrum Solanaceae India Berries Growth promoter
Terminaelia arjuna Combretaceae India, Burma, Sri Lanka Bark Growth promoter

Boerhaevia diffusa Nyctagineae India, Tibet Leaf and Root Growth promoter, appetizer
Carica papaya Caricaceae India Fruit Growth promoter, appetizer
Hepato tonic, Immunostimulant,
Eclipta erecta Compositae India Whole plant
Anti-stress
Hepeto tonic, Immunostimulant
Eclipta alba Compositae India Whole plant
Antiviral, Anti-stress
Leaf and Root
Cynodon dactycon Gramineae India Immunostimulant, Antibacterial
sta1k
Emblica off cinalis Euphorbiaceae India Whole plant Immunostimulant, Antibacterial
Urtica dioica Urtcaceae Europe, Turkey, India Whole plant Immunostimulant
Vernonia cinera Compositae India Whole plant Immunostimulant
India，Himalayas Berries and
Viscum album Loranthaceae Immunostimulant
Turkey Leaves
Zingiber off cinale Scitaminaceae India, China, Bengal Rhizome Immunostimulant
Immunostimulant,
Picrorrhiza kurvooa Scrophulariaceae India Rhizome
Anti-stress
Immunostimulant,
Withania somnifera Solanaceae India Root
Growth promoter
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